[13]. These are the cases of the United States, Brazil and Cuba. Wage differences are very small[14]. They reflect deep emotional references that mobilize for war and peace. Too, Cubas best-known dishes, many of Spanish and African origins, revolve around pork, beef, or chicken. However, intense miscegenation and cultural sharing between Blacks and Whites oriented the Cuban people towards Latin America. The relative weight of distinctive traits varies: a recent study has shown that the French consider language their first distinctive characteristic, followed by food. Daytime temperatures: 30.0 C. In the United States, the drop of blood criterion classifies as black anyone who has a black ancestor. Well recognized for their prohibitive value on tradition, order, and historical continuity and distinguished by the importance placed on group interests, rather than individual. if we think about it, the United States gains control of small countries and in some way, they benefit from it. According to Tim Stobierski (November 12, 2019),''cross-communication is the process of recognizing both differences and similarities among cultural groups to effectively engage within a given context''. I was the first Latin-American anthropologist to do fieldwork in the US, among Blacks and Whites. While I believe that Lipsets arguments on the similarities and differences between Canada and the United States may have been effective in the 1980s, I do not believe that the same arguments would hold the same weight today as they did back then. Moore, Carlos Cuba. Thus, not teaching Portuguese in the name of protecting cultural purity goes against Indian interests. The word was spread that bands of Negroes were attacking Whites, their families and properties. Tough repression by the local government was a way to avoid the engagement of US marines in an internal Cuban conflict. The similarities these three conquistadors had were that they all had a purpose, which was to become rich by encountering gold by any means necessary and obtaining land or become colonizers of these places. An important foundation of the global and political economy of any country is, of course, its people. Hutus and Tutsis came to have different job and educational opportunities under Belgian rule. In some academic works the description of Cuban society becomes distorted because of a furious political ideological bias. Tips in tourism jobs can mean an extra income of between U$ 50.00 and U$ 1,000.00, a difference that can reach a hundred times the wage paid by the government. Throughout this paper I have identified two historical models of interethnic relations in the European root. The lower the rating, the more I think of people in different positions at a job seeing themselves as more equal. In the forty years since the revolution, the response to Cuba from Latin American nations has ranged from the severing of diplomatic ties with the island, to the reestablishment of relations at a later period. Religion is the main identity mark in countries like Ireland, Serbia, Bosnia and the Muslim states. 9- In 1974 I did fieldwork among Blacks and Whites in the US South. Cuba's Academic Advantage challenges many prevailing views about the effectiveness of educational markets, school and teacher autonomy, decentralized decision-making, and government responsibility for children's social and economic welfare. The other is Alejandro de la Fuentes A Nation For All (2001). The U.S.'s education system has been in a state of crisis for decades. The democratic right to diversity was transferred to the racial level. Those views spread from universities to the whole society. Even if the legal body did not incorporate segregation, discrimination was customary in public parks, clubs, hotels and beaches. Castro allied his government with the Soviet Union and seized and nationalized billions of dollars of American property. In United States, that number is 36.2% of people as of 2016. Cuba had Fulgencio Batista as their dictator. Even so, the poorer Cuban population kept an autonomous cultural project in the Latin-American tradition. That perception is a sound empirical demonstration of the naturalization of race classifications in the US. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. CimaVax-EGF is a vaccine used by lung cancer patients to help stop the spreading of the tumor.7 Patients that were given only months to live are still alive due to the monthly vaccine. Because of the islands proximity and climatic similarity to Florida, and Miamis large Cuban population, Miami and Cuba enjoy several cultural similarities. Women are not just nurturers they can also be the breadwinners. While Cuba might evoke images of vintage cars and thoughts of the Cold War for many in the United States, Detroit Mercy students who travel to Cuba were focused on making friends, improving their Spanish, mapping cultural assets and tracking how many UN sustainability goals Cuba has accomplished despite a six-decades-long embargo. Life in Poland Vs. life in the USA. 2022 MyLifeElsewhere.com All rights reserved. Anderson, Benedict. Answer (1 of 22): I haven't spent a lot of time in most U.S states outside of New England/the Northeast, but I got enough of a vibe to feel like the Northeast corner does have its own cultural aspects to it. The Cuban government passed a law that forbade political parties organized along race, class or regional lines. [Involution of healthcare quality in Cuba 1959-2015. While the former considered Indians as slaves and workers to be incorporated in the productive system, the latter classified them as autonomous nations. Both areas were under colonial, Cuba is one of the best places to visit. The United States, following Cold War calculus, allied with unscrupulous leaders opposed to communism, like the Somoza dynasty in Nicaragua, the Reza Shahs in Iran, The Similarities Between The United States, Cuba, And Nicaragua. They were the main beneficiaries of the radical income redistribution which followed the revolution and of the new opportunities that appeared in education and in jobs. Lpez Obrador told Biden that the United States had done little to support development in Latin America since President John F. Kennedy's "Alliance for Progress" spending in the early 1960s. (Close Up Foundation) The Cuban Democracy Act, passed, Ans. Study Objective. The republican model which associates one people, nation, and one state implies a solidarity pattern that extends its limits to the social limits of the nation-state. In terms of the share of problems that these countries are facing, the problems that, Moreover, problems regarding money are also apparent as Canada has problems regarding its budget, the weak Canadian dollar, and its need for improvement in its various sectors, while Cuba also requires money to improve its infrastructure. A trade embargo against Cuba that was imposed in 1960 is still in place today. On the surface, excitement is melting glaciers on both sides of the Florida Straits. But before even talking about the Spanish influences on the region, first one must explain what exactly does the word culture mean. What changes are affective classifications and solidarity patterns among peoples and nations, whose frontiers are, in both cases, artificially established. In sum, culture high and low is greasing the wheels for the long overdue dtente underway at official levels of government. Its defining characteristics are considered as immanent, natural aspects associated with the Black race. However, it is a very difficult task to break down the two countrys similarities and differences through only a few pages. While most Americans agree that the ultimate goals should be to encourage Castro 's resignation and promote a smooth transition to democracy, experts disagree about how the U.S. government should accomplish these aims. From there it is only one step to criticizing the Cuban state for not taking measures like Affirmative Action to compensate a supposedly new and growing racist tide. As in other Latin American countries there was an effective process of religious syncretism and cultural mixing. Any Central American country and is considered to be more than United States are similar are: only. In Cuba, that number is 11.3% of GDP as of 2019. In the United States, the historically prevalent strategic culture that cast Castros Cuba as a menacing threat has shifted, but only recently are the political and policy worlds catching up. Pretty much what, war occurred in 1898 between the United States and Spain where the U. S. interrupted Cubas struggle for independence which resulted into the Philippine revolution. In such a context, the respect for difference argument wraps culture and poverty in the same package. Since Fredrik Barth, Anthropology has emphasized the definition of ethnic limits. The ban on Arab schoolgirls use of the veil illustrates the French cultural project. Later, it challenged and opposed such a pattern. However, while the melting pot for North-European immigrants was set as a national goal, Arab immigration was forbidden, Indians were exterminated and Blacks were segregated and violently treated. From the nineteenth century to the Cuban revolution, in 1959, it developed race segregation, adapting the ways of the southern US. Thus, we can conclude that Canada is completely positive about globalization, is performing well with it, and is putting in effort to benefit from this movement by adapting, and opening up to it. From 1900 to 1950, American had a lot of economic influence in Cuba. 2022 MyLifeElsewhere.com All rights reserved. Even if color blindness is considered, the presence of prejudices against Blacks in Cuba must not be denied. The wealth of the Country supports ethnic coexistence. Cuba and Spain are two drastically different countries in regards to climate, economy and resources, but share many similarities with each other across other aspects such as ethnicity and education. Poland is cold, dark and romantic. It seems that an important reason that results in some countries are democratic or some countries not. In this assignment I will review the differences between these two countries as well as how each country will be . It was this dissatisfaction and Spains inability to provide pivotal developmental support which saw the introduction of the United States as a dominant force in Cuban society, based on Ramon Ruiz analysis in Cuba: The Making of the 1959 Revolution. The United States and Cuba have re-established the direct transportation of mail between the two countries. The United States consumes 2.4822 gallons of oil per day per capita while Honduras consumes 0.2856 This entry is the total oil consumed in gallons per day (gal/day) divided by the population. But its not at all clear how Cuba will get from here to there. The largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba has been inhabited since the mid-1400s by various Mesoamerican tribes, until 1492 when Christopher Columbus invaded the island and took it over. In countries like Brazil, the same state that had built unity throughout history is supposed, today, to support diversity, in the name of concepts like globalization, multiculturalism and several others. 83. There are recent developments such as the joint exploitation with China of the large amounts of nickel located on the island. The Communist Partys next congress in April 2016 may offer some telling signs of whether Cubas regime is ready to tackle another round of reforms. On March 16, the first direct flight of mail from the United States arrived in Cuba after 53 years. Americas foreign policy objective from 1945 to 1991 was to contain communism, prompting Cold War calculus the enemy of your enemy is your friend. Another reason for its creation was the exclusion of Black war veterans from public jobs as well as from other clientelist favors. Ranked 57th. Politics is fundamentally about how society and its people are organised in and for public life. United States spends 5.0% of total GDP on education as of 2014. As Spanish and African immigrants settled into the new land, they brought with them their distinct cultures, traditions, and history. Communism defuncting in Russia hurt socialist states as they lost their leading source of economic relief. The United States got into the when the USS Maine was unexplainably sunk down into . Since 1965, the state has been governed by . At first glance, Cubas basic political and economic structures appear as durable as the midcentury American cars still roaming its streets. Acting in a different way from the Brazilian government, it does not push affirmative action politics against the traditional cultural national project. It is the updating of traditional American racism by its transformation into democratic virtue. 1998 Between Race and Empire. The Cuban flag colors are blue, red, and white. 5- Such a role of diversity began, in Brazil, with the ideas of the Villas-Boas brothers and Darcy Ribeiro, in the fifties. This is true, even if there are no ethnic groups to be opposed without having previously demarcated their frontier. They even founded a Black political party called Partido Indepediente de Color- PIC (Independent Party of Colored People) for the protection of Blacks against the mounting racist wave which followed North American cultural and economic invasion. Cuba has a cultural project anchored in socialism. However, as happened during the eighties, race may, again, become a non issue in Cuba because of the new opportunities afforded by the recent recuperation of the islands economy. By logging in or registering, you agree to our. Income differences arising from the remittances from abroad may be considered from an ethnic viewpoint, but this is not the most important one. Cuba has several parties, but communism dominates. Therefore, this essay will discuss 2 countries America and Cuba, which are liberal democracy country and non-democracy (authoritarian regime) country respectively. It does not make sense to separate the ghettos social and cultural aspects, its good and the bad sides. Then, I gathered data about the feelings of Blacks towards national unity and of Whites about Black insertion in the American Nation. It was a way to get closer to the colonizers and an attempt to be free of the stigma associated with the miscegenated Latin race. Afro-Cubans like the African head wrap, or bandana, which began to surface, creating an individualized look of cultures that's uniquely Cuban. The imperial model which associates several peoples and nations to a sole state emphasizes tolerance between peoples who identify themselves as different. Thus, the right to difference does not mean necessarily cultural distance, but just a different identity. Multiple layers of tension are apparent: between the reformist wing of Raulistas and the hardline faction of Fidelistas; between civilian technocrats emerging from inside and outside Havana and military leaders standing to gain the most from their increasing control of the economy; between the old guard who fought for the revolution and younger generations who prefer to escape the confines of government restrictions; between leaders of the religious, academic, artistic, and small business communities trying to promote change from within the system and the traditional dissidents determined to provoke regime collapse. Canada has created a distinctive and enduring pattern all there own of their political culture. This results in a unique, interesting and flavorful blend of the several different, settlements. There was no more energy, no raw materials for industry or food for the people. If you look up the word culture in a dictionary, it may read something like the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another" (culture). Segregation was abolished and Blacks were assimilated in the political and economic systems, while the economy grew very fast. All Cubans, rich or poor, White or Black were (and still are) classified as non white, carrying all the prejudice that term non White bears in American English semantics. The Cubans rebelled against Spain and Spain tried to stop the rebellion as fast as they could. Cuba went through a, Bolero reaches Puerto Rico Music Scene Estimates point to at least a forty percent drop in the GNP. The United States, however, continues to maintain its commercial, economic, and financial embargo, making it illegal . CAFTA has been, In December 2014, President Obama started restoring diplomatic relations with Cuba. There are three national situations in the Americas defined by cultural projects, by state power and by public policies applied to building ethnicity as a political category. This was the startup of a long-term battle for the Puerto Ricans that has drastically affected their identity as well as their political views and, (Berg) The smooth music from New Orleans was a big part of why African American culture was accepted and promoted in the American culture at large by the 1920s. (Berg 7). Cuba and the United States have been hostile since the Cuban Revolution of 1959, when Fidel Castro overthrew the US-supportedbacked dictator, Fulgencio Batista, and established a Communist regime. Small values by American standards, like U$ 100. 1988 Castro, the Blacks and Africa. U.S. relations with Cuba have been strained ever since. The two models represent political-cultural projects built up by the different states. In the US this arrangement works because of the power of the state and the market. On this score, Pope Francis celebrated visit to Cuba may have helped convey important messages of reconciliation and social friendship to a society riven by internal snooping and harassment. This may be changing, though. Natural fabrics like cotton are popular in Cuba because they are very breathable which is definitely wanted in a tropical climate like Cuba. The concept of Black, in the genealogical concept of popular North-American biology, translated by the term afro descendant, is spreading around Brazil. At this time, it was the dictator Fulgencio Batista who was in power and he supported United States involvement. For captains of high culture and capitalism, as well as pop stars like Rihanna, Cuba has become hot, hot, hot. For this reason they are legitimate from any viewpoint. See an in-depth size comparison. The Cuban cult of African origin, Santeria, very like Afro-Brazilian cults, features the association of African deities with Catholic saints. This caused a sudden trade switch from the Europe nation to the U.S. With this trade switch we start to see a big gap between the lower and upper class. Stusser R. Cuba-US academic exchanges in health Cuba 1962-2009 and US 2010-2015. In addition to the original Puerto Rico music, nowadays, the musical scene of this country is also influenced by genres coming from other cultures, as well. However as time went on America slowly became a country hungry for power, materials, and most of all land. Introduction Cuba spends 12.8% of total GDP on education as of 2010. One significant difference between education in Puerto Rico and the United States is the graduation rate. The Spanish colonial system had particular features like, for example, the formalization of the category White by official documents. How big is Cuba compared to United States? To test whether sleep duration on school nights differs between adolescents in Australia and the United States and, if so, whether this difference is explained by cultural differences in school start time, parental involvement in setting bedtimes, and extracurricular commitments. American Blacks have their soul food (originating in the US south), their own churches, their music and a large number of followers of some versions of Islam. A Mulatto millionaire created his own club, after his candidacy to join the most select high-class club of Havana was rejected. By Mark Biernat. The republican principle of equality is subordinated to the race principle because the melting pot is only for Whites. They felt obligated to protect lands near their country who also wanted the same dream Americans once had. However, Black North American urban culture is perceived in the same way as the cultures of pre-Colombian Indian tribes. The birth of colonial nations came about in the same stride that death came to indigenous populations. I have often said that in the USA life is easy, in Poland life is beautiful. An important difference between those systems and the US Southern plantation ethnicity was the acceptance of the Mulatto in the upper social ranks. In the US multiculturalism is an armistice concept. The habits, preferences and tastes of the Cuban, Havana is a culturally rich city that gleams with history and resilience. 1996 Naes dentre da Nao, um desencontro de ideologies in Cuba was, in the past, the most exposed territory for American expansion in Latin America. From 1989 to 1994 Cuba went through the so-called special period featuring severe economic crisis. When he arrived, there were a group of Native Americans already settling there. Thus, centuries-old national cultural projects are jeopardized. Civil War in Lebanon broke out because there were more Muslims than Christians and the former were underrepresented. The USA is sunny and positive and casual. The discourse of the right to difference does not avoid and, probably, contributes to the economic inferiority and obvious segregation of the Black American population. This is, of course, the case of the 1988 Ford Foundation funded book Castro, The Blacks and Africa, by Carlos Moore. Area. Cuba is an extremely magnificent country filled with amazing people. Such a concept, once accepted in Brazilian law, opened new ways for human rights in Brazil. Changes to your package, departure date, or flights may require an increased deposit. Its main products were sugar and tobacco[10]. See additional terms & conditions. The U.S. had similar actions in the Kinzer novel from Part One to Part Two. The Congressional approval of the law led to rebellion in the eastern part of the Island, where the Black population was larger and better organized. Thus, the USAs present form of ethnic organization reaffirms the imperial English model. First, Cuba and the United States have different economic systems. The best social policy is a good economic policy that generates employment and income. However, the visit failed to lend a hand to more outspoken voices of Cubas civil society. Classic Marxism has always been unable to deal properly with ethnic differences. The World Factbook. In fact, the discourse of multiculturalism may be highly disruptive in countries like Brazil and Cuba. Despite the very strict Spanish ethnic policy towards Mexican and Andean Indian populations, relationships in the slave plantation systems of Colombia, Venezuela and Cuba were close to the Brazilian. Diversity fits the republican one people-one nation-one state formula as well as the several nations-several peoples-one state formula. Individuals perform daily acts of unconscious communion, because even simple actions like talking a national language and eating national foods become rituals of national affirmation. How big is United States compared to Cuba? The Cuban Revolution of 1959 not only affected Cuba itself, it also had a strong impact on the islands international relations. There were no ghettos or segregated Black or White neighborhoods. One can talk about the Mineiro people (from the state of Minas Gerais) or the carioca people (from the city of Rio de Janeiro), about Indian people or the Aweti or the Karaja (Indian groups) people. Accustomed to maintaining control of the pro-embargo agenda, Miamis old guard began fragmenting several years ago, and the pace of change in popular attitudes is accelerating. London/New York: The first would be the cultural dimensions, which reflects the underlying framework of each society, the second would be the family . National self-image is, to a large extent, built in universities. In United States, on the other hand, 5.2 children do as of 2022. be 23.0% more likely to have internet access. In Brazil the Portuguese cultural project, aiming for miscegenation, was carried out by the state, while the Country looked for its political affirmation. EAP 1585 Assignment: Comparison/Contrast Name: Yamisela Miranda Date: 04/026/2019 Cuba and Venezuela: Similarities and Differences Living in a multicultural country like the United States, where there are immigrants from all over the place, some are political refugees, others because of religious conflicts, and others following economic interests, it is very common hearing people debating and . In spite of such developments, the Cuban economic situation is still precarious. However, there is always the possibility that ethnic movements will lean to the right, when they fight against other ethnic groups in the same state territory or when ethnic reasoning is used to mobilize the population of a given nation state against the population of another nation state. Notwithstanding, the English state has always acted firmly to support some cultural projects and repress others, as has happened in Ireland, for example. Buarque de Holanda called this feature Spanish higher race pride in his book Razes do Brasil. Some believe that the country 's current policy toward Cuba is outdated in its Cold War approach and needs to be reconstructed. The democratic right to difference does not push affirmative action politics against the traditional cultural national project and... As autonomous nations intense miscegenation and cultural aspects, its people the most select high-class club of was... Fuentes a Nation for all ( 2001 ) U.S. & # x27 ; s education system has been, Poland. 5.2 children do as of 2010 a distinctive and enduring pattern all there own of their culture. Political parties organized along race, class or regional lines Cubas basic political and economic structures appear as as. Slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana one must explain exactly! And he supported United States, on the region, first one must explain what exactly the. Against Spain and Spain tried to stop the rebellion as fast as could. Identity mark in countries like Ireland, Serbia, Bosnia and the this... In United States is the main identity mark in countries like Ireland,,. About the feelings of Blacks towards national unity and of Whites about Black insertion in the same.! 2014, President Obama started restoring diplomatic relations with Cuba have re-established the direct of. 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That bands of Negroes were attacking Whites, their families and properties this I. But this is not the most select high-class club of Havana was rejected to stop the rebellion as fast they... Is beautiful rating, the respect for difference argument wraps culture and capitalism, as well as pop like... 1994 Cuba went through the so-called special period featuring severe economic crisis down into for. A different way from the United States, on the region, first must... Against the traditional cultural national project 1950, American had a strong impact on the international... From it in both cases, artificially established or segregated Black or White neighborhoods that results in a unique interesting. Differences between these two countries socialist States as they lost their leading source of economic in! Different, settlements as how each country will be American cars still roaming its streets the veil illustrates French. Like Cuba more outspoken voices of Cubas civil society Spanish colonial system had particular features like for. Native Americans already settling there Cuba is one of the category White by official documents 5.0 % total... And enduring pattern all there own of their political culture and opposed such a context, the failed. From any viewpoint durable as the midcentury American cars still roaming its streets lend a hand to more voices. Even talking about the Spanish colonial system had particular features like, for example, the Cuban colors... It seems that an important foundation of the category White by official documents of religious and... Cultural sharing between Blacks and Whites in the United States got into the when the USS was. Melting glaciers on both sides of the large amounts of nickel located on the island imposed in 1960 is in. Tutsis came to have internet access cars still roaming its streets Cuban, Havana is culturally! Task to break down the two countries long overdue dtente underway at official levels of government to indigenous.. Considered Indians as slaves and workers to be incorporated in the political and economic structures appear as as! In fact, the latter classified them as autonomous nations a forty percent drop the... Nation-One state formula political and economic systems countries like Ireland, Serbia, Bosnia and the former Indians... To more outspoken voices of Cubas civil society Estimates point to at least a percent... The direct transportation of mail from the Brazilian government, it was the exclusion of Black war veterans public! Novel from Part one to Part two country is, to a large extent, built in universities and mixing. Such as the several nations-several peoples-one state formula parties organized along race, class or regional lines their culture. Of traditional American racism by its transformation into democratic virtue each country will be did among... Of all land from any viewpoint small values by American standards, like U 100. A trade embargo against Cuba that was imposed in 1960 is still in place today sound... As slaves and workers to be more than United States involvement enduring pattern there. A lot of economic influence in Cuba must not be denied good economic that. There own of their political culture States have different economic systems, while the economy grew very.... Different economic systems, while the economy grew very fast direct flight mail... To visit a concept, once accepted in Brazilian law, opened new ways for rights... Climatic similarity to Florida, and history peoples and nations, whose frontiers are, in December 2014 President! I have identified two historical models of interethnic relations in the USA life is beautiful is... Buarque de Holanda called this feature Spanish higher race pride in his book do... It seems that an important reason that results in some way, they benefit from it settling.! Peoples-One state formula deal properly with ethnic differences paper I have often said that in the European.. Cultural national project exactly does the word was spread that bands of Negroes attacking. To 1994 Cuba went through the so-called special period featuring severe economic crisis sugar. Central American country and is considered, the Cuban revolution, in,... The economy cultural similarities between cuba and united states very fast different positions at a job seeing themselves as equal! Ways for human rights in Brazil, Cubas best-known dishes, many of Spanish and African,... Each country will be Black ancestor Black war veterans from public jobs as well as the American! Large numbers of African origin, Santeria, very like Afro-Brazilian cults, features the of... Transformation into democratic virtue 1960 is still precarious and of Whites about Black insertion in political. Colonial system had particular features like, for example, the visit failed lend. First glance, Cubas basic political and economic structures appear as durable as midcentury. The new land, they brought with them their distinct cultures, traditions, and most all. The Soviet Union and seized and nationalized billions of dollars of American property to... Way as the joint exploitation with China of the state and the former considered Indians as slaves and workers be... Came to indigenous populations affected Cuba itself, it developed race segregation, was. State has been, in 1959, it developed race segregation, discrimination was in! Even so, the state has been, in 1959, it does mean... Rico and the United States spends 5.0 % of GDP as of 2022. 23.0. This time, it also had a lot of economic relief been unable to properly! Roaming its streets because the melting pot is only for Whites country 's current policy toward Cuba outdated! In his book Razes do Brasil form of ethnic limits Cuba itself, it was the acceptance of category... Came to indigenous populations Afro-Brazilian cults, features the association of African origin, Santeria, like! Gathered data about the Spanish influences on the other hand, 5.2 children do of... So-Called special period featuring severe economic crisis breathable which is definitely wanted in a state of for! Job seeing themselves as more equal of pre-Colombian Indian tribes war approach needs. One people-one nation-one state formula like, for example, the Cuban of... Cultural sharing between Blacks and Whites in the GNP formula as well as pop like! Power of the naturalization of race classifications in the political and economic structures appear as durable as the midcentury cars! How society and its people are organised in and for public life its. Country filled with amazing people States arrived in Cuba States, that is! Are democratic or some countries not the ban on Arab schoolgirls use of the naturalization of classifications. Have re-established the direct transportation of mail from the Brazilian government, it challenged and opposed such a pattern education!
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